ICE Car Batteries: Types, Lifecycle, and Maintenance

Nowadays when we talk about car batteries the first thing that comes to our mind is electric vehicle batteries. But over a century we have been using batteries in our ICE vehicles, it plays an important role. This component drives most of the functionalities in our cars. From starting the engine to all electric systems in our vehicle and other operations when your car engine is off. 
If we compare ICE vehicle batteries with an EV battery then both are unique in their own ways.

In petrol, diesel or CNG vehicles battery purpose is to only support the electrical features and starting the engine. But in the case of Electric Vehicles, batteries are responsible for overall running and operating other features as well so it stores large amounts of energy. EV batteries are much more bigger and complex than the ICE but still they have common things in terms of maintenance, life span and environmental impact. 

So in this article we are going to understand how ICE car batteries work, how long it lasts and what are maintenance & replacement procedures. 

Role of the Battery in ICE Cars

When you turn the ignition key, the battery sends power to the starter motor, which, in turn, cranks the engine until it starts running. Without the battery, this essential function would be impossible.
In addition to starting the engine, the battery also powers various electrical components in the vehicle, such as the headlights, radio, air conditioning, and infotainment systems. It continues to supply power even when the engine is off, allowing you to operate electrical components without running the engine. 

The battery interacts closely with the alternator, another key component of the vehicle’s electrical system. Once the engine is running, the alternator recharges the battery, ensuring that it stays fully charged and ready for the next engine start. The alternator also helps power the vehicle's electrical systems while the engine is running. 

In modern ICE cars, particularly those with start-stop systems, the battery plays an even more active role. In such systems, the engine automatically shuts off when the vehicle is idle to conserve fuel, and the battery provides power to the car’s systems until the engine restarts.

Types of Car Batteries

In ICE vehicles not all batteries are the same, battery technologies have been evolving over the period of time. There are different types of batteries that are used in the vehicles and each has its own characteristics. Let us walk you through the types of batteries commonly used in ICE 

Lead-Acid Batteries

One of the most common and widely used batteries in ICE vehicles and they are affordable and good for long term use. But the thing is they are too heavy in comparison to the amount of energy they store. Still they are able to deliver high for a short period of time. It works using the lead plates when it is submerged in sulfuric acid to generate electricity. 

AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) Batteries

AGM batteries are more advanced than lead-acid batteries and it is designed for better performance and durability. It requires almost no maintenance as it is made from a mat of absorbent glass fibres between the lead plates and it absorbs electrolyte that prevents spillage. 
These batteries can also handle total discharges that fulfil high electrical demands like frequent start/stop.  

Enhanced Flooded Batteries (EFB)

These types of batteries are made for cars that have start-stop systems and they are not only better in performance than lead-acid batteries but also more affordable than AGM batteries. The only problem is that they do not have the same level of durability as AGM. 

Key Differences

Lead-Acid: Affordable, reliable, but requires maintenance and has lower durability.
AGM: Higher performance, maintenance-free, longer lifespan, but more expensive.
EFB: Designed for start-stop systems, better performance than standard lead-acid, but less expensive than AGM. 

Battery Specifications and Ratings

When choosing a car battery, it’s essential to understand key specifications such as capacity (Ah), cold-cranking amps (CCA), reserve capacity (RC), and voltage. These ratings help determine the performance of the battery and whether it is suitable for your vehicle.

Capacity (Ah)

Amp-hour (Ah) is a measure of how much charge the battery can store and supply over time. A higher Ah rating means the battery can provide power for a longer period, making it crucial for vehicles with high electrical demands.

Cold-Cranking Amps (CCA)

CCA measures the battery's ability to start an engine in cold temperatures. It indicates how many amps the battery can deliver at 0°F for 30 seconds while maintaining a voltage of at least 7.2 volts.

In colder climates, a higher CCA rating is essential to ensure the engine can start under freezing conditions.

Reserve Capacity (RC)

RC measures how long the battery can supply power to essential systems if the alternator fails. It is the number of minutes the battery can deliver a minimum voltage before it drops too low to operate electrical components. A higher RC rating is beneficial for ensuring the car can function for a reasonable time during alternator failure.

Voltage

Most car batteries operate at 12 volts, which is standard for ICE vehicles. However, ensuring the battery’s voltage is compatible with your vehicle’s system is critical for optimal performance.

Lifecycle of Car Batteries

The lifecycle of a car battery can be divided into several phases, starting from its manufacturing and assembly.

Manufacturing

Car batteries are made from materials such as lead and sulfuric acid. During manufacturing, lead plates are coated with active materials, immersed in an electrolyte solution (sulfuric acid), and assembled into a plastic casing. The battery is then charged and tested for performance before being shipped.

Initial Use

During the first 6-12 months of use, a new battery typically performs at its peak. The capacity is at its highest, and the battery operates efficiently, delivering consistent power for engine starts and electrical systems.

Maturity Phase

After the initial use phase, the battery enters a period of stable performance, typically lasting 3-4 years. During this time, the battery’s capacity gradually diminishes due to normal wear and tear, but it continues to operate reliably.

Degradation

Over time, chemical reactions within the battery cause it to degrade. Factors such as temperature fluctuations, frequent short trips, and deep discharges can accelerate this process. As the battery degrades, its capacity to hold a charge diminishes, and it may take longer to start the engine or fail to power electrical systems properly.

End of Life

When a battery reaches the end of its life, it becomes increasingly difficult to start the engine, and it may no longer hold a charge. Common signs of a failing battery include dim headlights, slow cranking, and a battery warning light on the dashboard. On average, a car battery lasts 3-5 years, depending on usage and environmental conditions.

Recycling and Disposal

Proper disposal and recycling of car batteries are critical to minimizing environmental impact. Lead-acid batteries are among the most recycled products in the world, with over 95% of the battery's components being reusable. Recycling prevents toxic materials such as lead and sulfuric acid from polluting the environment.

Choosing the Right Battery for Your ICE Car

Selecting the right battery for your vehicle requires consideration of several factors, including the vehicle’s specifications, climate, and driving habits.

When reading battery labels, it’s important to pay attention to the CCA and Ah ratings to ensure the battery meets your vehicle’s power needs. Additionally, for vehicles with start-stop systems, choosing an EFB or AGM battery is recommended due to their superior durability and performance.

In colder climates, prioritise a battery with a higher CCA rating to ensure reliable engine starts during the winter months. Conversely, in warmer climates, opt for a battery with a higher RC rating to prevent overheating and ensure long-lasting performance.

Battery Lifespan and Performance

Several factors influence the lifespan of a car battery, including driving habits, climate, and maintenance practices.

Frequent short trips prevent the battery from fully charging, leading to premature degradation. Similarly, extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can reduce battery life. Hot weather accelerates chemical reactions inside the battery, while cold weather reduces its ability to deliver power.

Modern batteries are designed to last longer, but they are still vulnerable to environmental stressors. Recognizing the signs of a failing battery, such as slow cranking or dim headlights, can help prevent unexpected breakdowns.